Habitats in the Pre-Taghanic (Givetian, Middle Devonian) muddy carbonate ramp at Miłoszów (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland): geochemical and microfacies evidence

The well-known fossiliferous and lithologically variable Middle Devonian Shaly-Calcareous Skały Formation in the Łysogóry Region (northern part of Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland) was studied for first time terms elemental geochemistry, carbon isotope stratigraphy limestone microfacies. Three Lower to Givetian marly-limestone successions, exposed at Miłoszów, represent middle outer facies belts vast carbonate ramp, characterized by very rich epifaunal infaunal benthic life muddy, oxic, eutrophic, photic zone habitats. Brachiopods occasionally corals (in mesophotic association), erect branching bryozoans, tiny crinoids played a leading role among flourishing sessile suspension-feeders. High-energy storm events, possibly even tsunami, during brief Early strengthened prolific ooze delivery system from shallow ramp areas, including restricted back-ramp lagoons variety organic buildups, populated stromatoporoids. ecologically mixed skeletal grain association is occurrence typical lagoonal biota, calcispheres amphiporoids. effective factory declined stepwise regionally because an intermittent progradation deltaic Świętomarz Beds, linked with climate cooling activation block movements. regional crisis resulted demise diverse life, calcified microbiota. higher succession, deposited between important Kačák Taghanic bioevents, noticeable background carbon-isotope pattern matter signatures, baseline δ 13 C carb values 1‰ 2‰. microfacies chemostratigraphic data confirm that least lower pumilio bioevent not recorded Region.